XML namespaces solve the problem of name collisions when combining XML vocabularies from different sources. When two vocabularies both define an element named — for example, Dublin Core metadata and an HTML-like vocabulary — a namespace provides a way to distinguish between them. A namespace is identified by a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), which acts as a globally unique name. The URI does not need to point to any resource; it is used purely as a unique identifier.
Namespaces are declared using the xmlns attribute. A default namespace declaration (xmlns="http://example.com/ns") applies to the element it is declared on and all its descendants that do not themselves declare a namespace or a different default. A prefixed namespace declaration (xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/") binds the prefix dc to that namespace URI. Elements and attributes using that prefix — such as <dc:title> — belong to the corresponding namespace.
The expanded name of an element is the combination of its namespace URI and its local name. When comparing element names in namespace-aware processing — as in XSLT, XPath, or a validating parser — it is the expanded name that matters, not the prefix. Two prefixes bound to the same URI are interchangeable; two prefixes bound to different URIs are distinct even if the local names match.
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<pre class="language-html"><code class="language-html"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
Combining two vocabularies: a book record with
Dublin Core metadata and a custom inventory namespace.
-->
<inventory
xmlns="http://example.com/inventory"
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://example.com/inventory inventory.xsd">
<!-- Default namespace: 'item' belongs to example.com/inventory -->
<item id="i001">
<!-- Prefixed namespace: dc:title belongs to Dublin Core -->
<dc:title>XML in a Nutshell</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Elliotte Rusty Harold</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2004-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:format>Book</dc:format>
<!-- Local vocabulary elements (default namespace) -->
<quantity>12</quantity>
<location>Shelf B-4</location>
</item>
</inventory></code></pre>
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