Advanced Typing
Python's typing module provides Generic, Protocol, TypeVar, Literal, TypedDict, and ParamSpec for precise type annotations.
Python
Advanced
5 min read
Advanced Type Hints
Example
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Protocol, TypedDict, Literal
T = TypeVar("T")
class Stack(Generic[T]):
def push(self, item: T) -> None: ...
def pop(self) -> T: ...
class Comparable(Protocol):
def __lt__(self, other: "Comparable") -> bool: ...
class UserDict(TypedDict):
id: int; name: str; role: Literal["admin", "user", "guest"]
def process(role: Literal["admin", "user"]) -> None: ... Pro Tip
Protocol enables structural (duck-type) checking — a class satisfies a Protocol without inheriting it.