What is the MySQL reference?

The MySQL reference on SyntaxStudy lists all 18 MySQL elements, properties, and methods with syntax explanations and working code examples. It is a complete, beginner-friendly cheat sheet for MySQL developers.

Is this MySQL reference free?

Yes. The entire MySQL reference on SyntaxStudy is completely free. No account or payment is required to browse all 18 entries.

How do I learn MySQL?

The best way to learn MySQL is to start with the free MySQL tutorial on SyntaxStudy. Each lesson includes a hands-on code example you can run in the browser, followed by a short quiz. After completing the tutorial, use this reference page to look up syntax whenever you need it.

MySQL Reference — Complete List with Examples

DML Statements

Name	Syntax	Description
SELECT	`SELECT column1, column2 FROM table WHERE condition...`	Retrieves rows from one or more tables. The most frequently used SQL statement.	Details →
INSERT	`INSERT INTO table (col1, col2) VALUES (val1, val2)...`	Inserts new rows into a table. Can insert single or multiple rows in one statement.	Details →
UPDATE	`UPDATE table SET col1 = val1 WHERE condition;`	Modifies existing rows in a table. Always use WHERE to avoid updating all rows.	Details →
DELETE	`DELETE FROM table WHERE condition;`	Removes rows from a table. Always include WHERE unless you intend to delete all rows.	Details →
JOIN	`SELECT ... FROM t1 INNER JOIN t2 ON t1.id = t2.t1_...`	Combines rows from two or more tables. INNER returns matching rows; LEFT returns all left rows.	Details →

DDL Statements

Name	Syntax	Description
CREATE TABLE	`CREATE TABLE table_name (column_definitions, const...`	Creates a new table in the database with defined columns, data types, and constraints.	Details →
ALTER TABLE	`ALTER TABLE table ADD \| DROP \| MODIFY \| RENAME ......`	Modifies an existing table structure: add/drop columns, change data types, add indexes.	Details →
CREATE INDEX	`CREATE INDEX index_name ON table (column);`	Creates an index on a table column to speed up query performance.	Details →

Clauses & Keywords

Name	Syntax	Description
WHERE	`WHERE condition1 AND\|OR condition2`	Filters rows based on one or more conditions. Supports comparison, logical, LIKE, IN, BETWEEN, IS NULL.	Details →
GROUP BY / HAVING	`GROUP BY column HAVING aggregate_condition`	GROUP BY groups rows by column values; HAVING filters the grouped results (like WHERE for aggregates).	Details →
ORDER BY / LIMIT / OFFSET	`ORDER BY col ASC\|DESC LIMIT n OFFSET m`	ORDER BY sorts results; LIMIT restricts the number of rows; OFFSET skips rows for pagination.	Details →
Subqueries	`SELECT ... WHERE col IN (SELECT col FROM ...);`	A query nested inside another query. Can be used in SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and HAVING clauses.	Details →
UNION / UNION ALL	`SELECT ... UNION [ALL] SELECT ...`	Combines result sets of two or more SELECT statements. UNION removes duplicates; UNION ALL keeps them.	Details →

Functions

Name	Syntax	Description
Aggregate Functions	`COUNT() SUM() AVG() MIN() MAX()`	Aggregate functions compute a single result from multiple rows. Used with GROUP BY for grouped summaries.	Details →
String Functions	`CONCAT() SUBSTRING() UPPER() LOWER() TRIM() L...`	Built-in MySQL string manipulation functions for transforming and extracting string data.	Details →
Date Functions	`NOW() CURDATE() DATE_FORMAT() DATEDIFF() DATE_...`	Built-in functions for working with date and time values in MySQL.	Details →
CASE WHEN	`CASE WHEN condition THEN result ELSE default END`	Conditional expression similar to if-else. Can be used in SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, and UPDATE.	Details →
COALESCE() / IFNULL()	`COALESCE(val1, val2, ...) IFNULL(expr, alt)`	COALESCE returns the first non-NULL value; IFNULL returns alt if expr is NULL.	Details →