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# 500 Internal Server Error — unexpected exception
HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
X-Request-ID: 7c4e2b1a-9f3d-4a8e-b0c5-123456789abc
{
  "error": "INTERNAL_ERROR",
  "message": "An unexpected error occurred. Reference ID: 7c4e2b1a",
  "requestId": "7c4e2b1a-9f3d-4a8e-b0c5-123456789abc"
}
# NEVER include: stack traces, SQL queries, file paths, internal IPs

# 502 Bad Gateway — upstream service (database, microservice) failed
HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway
{ "error": "UPSTREAM_ERROR", "message": "Payment service unavailable" }

# 503 Service Unavailable — overloaded or maintenance
HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable
Retry-After: 120
{ "error": "SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE", "message": "Scheduled maintenance. Back at 02:00 UTC" }

# 504 Gateway Timeout — upstream took too long
HTTP/1.1 504 Gateway Timeout
{ "error": "UPSTREAM_TIMEOUT", "message": "The request timed out. Please retry." }

# Laravel: global exception handler returning structured errors
// app/Exceptions/Handler.php
// public function render($request, Throwable $e): Response {
//   if ($request->expectsJson()) {
//     $status = $e instanceof HttpException ? $e->getStatusCode() : 500;
//     return response()->json([
//       'error'     => class_basename($e),
//       'message'   => app()->isProduction() ? 'Server error' : $e->getMessage(),
//       'requestId' => $request->header('X-Request-ID', Str::uuid()),
//     ], $status);
//   }
//   return parent::render($request, $e);
// }