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# Atomic types
dbl  <- 3.14          # numeric / double
int  <- 5L            # integer
cpx  <- 2 + 3i        # complex
chr  <- "hello"       # character
lgl  <- FALSE         # logical
raw_val <- as.raw(0x41) # raw (hex 0x41 = 65 = 'A')

cat(class(dbl), typeof(dbl), "
")   # numeric  double
cat(class(int), typeof(int), "
")   # integer  integer
cat(class(chr), typeof(chr), "
")   # character character
cat(class(lgl), typeof(lgl), "
")   # logical  logical

# Implicit coercion hierarchy: logical < integer < double < character
mixed <- c(TRUE, 2L, 3.5)      # all become double
cat(class(mixed), "
")         # "numeric"

mixed2 <- c(1, "two", TRUE)    # all become character
cat(class(mixed2), "
")        # "character"

# Explicit coercion
as.integer(3.9)     # 3  (truncates, does NOT round)
as.numeric("2.71")  # 2.71
as.logical(0)       # FALSE
as.logical(1)       # TRUE
as.character(99)    # "99"

# Special values
na_val  <- NA
null_val <- NULL
nan_val  <- NaN
inf_val  <- Inf

is.na(na_val)        # TRUE
is.null(null_val)    # TRUE
is.nan(nan_val)      # TRUE
is.infinite(inf_val) # TRUE

# NA propagates
5 + NA   # NA
mean(c(1, 2, NA))           # NA
mean(c(1, 2, NA), na.rm = TRUE)  # 1.5