Try It Yourself - SyntaxStudy Editor

HTML / CSS / JS

# ---- chmod: octal notation ----
chmod 755 script.sh        # rwxr-xr-x
chmod 644 config.conf      # rw-r--r--
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa    # rw------- (private key)
chmod 700 ~/.ssh/          # rwx------ (ssh directory)

# Apply recursively to a directory tree
chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/

# ---- chmod: symbolic notation ----
chmod u+x script.sh        # Add execute for owner
chmod g+w shared.txt       # Add write for group
chmod o-r private.txt      # Remove read for others
chmod a+r public.txt       # Add read for all (a = ugo)
chmod u=rw,g=r,o= file.txt # Set exact permissions with =
chmod +x deploy.sh         # Add execute for everyone (shorthand)

# ---- chown: change owner ----
sudo chown alice file.txt               # Change owner only
sudo chown alice:developers file.txt    # Change owner and group
sudo chown :www-data /var/www/html/     # Change group only
sudo chown -R alice:alice /home/alice/  # Recursive ownership change

# ---- chgrp: change group ----
sudo chgrp developers project/
sudo chgrp -R www-data /var/www/

# Verify changes
ls -la file.txt
stat file.txt